Preliminary draft release. Additional documentation is forthcoming
 

Catalogue

Iḏeh (Malāmir)

Female torso of Mediterranean (?) marble

Headless upper female torso of white (eastern Mediterranean?) marble. Said to come from the Iḏeh (form. Malāmir) region (Baḵtīārī mountains), Ḵūzestān province, Iran. Second or first century BC. National Museum of Iran, no. 2592.  H. 0.328 m, W. 0.36 m, Th. 0.225 m.

Comment

The find, a marble female torso draped in an Ionic chiton which is slipped off the right shoulder, comes from an unknown cultural and archaeological context (hellenistic? Parthian?, e.g., Schlumberger 1983: 1037 and Callieri 2007: 76-77, respectively). It was first illustrated by Roman Ghirshman (1962: 22 and fig. 28).
In technical terms, the sculpture is deemed 'an example of pure hellenistic Greek craftsmanship' datable to the second or the first century BC (Colledge 1979: 224; idem 1987: 152). Dowel holes for attachments on the lower side of the torso and on the cut on the left arm point to a sculpture assembled from separate parts, not all of them necessarily executed in the same material. This would be in keeping with a practice that is widely attested in the Greek world (Colledge 1979: 224) and is also encountered in the instance of the famous Aphrodite Anadyomenē of Nisa (Invernizzi 2008: 3-42).
According to Pierfrancesco Callieri (2001: 111, no. 134; 2003; 2007: 72-77, figs. 40 and 41), the partially incomplete treatment of the back of the statue, which contrasts with the careful finish of the front, could imply that the piece was placed against a wall or within a niche, as with cult images in both the Greek and the Mesopotamian world. Such a placement would undermine, as he notes, earlier comparisons of the torso with the hellenistic type of Aphrodite Callipygous (e.g., Lauter 1971: 601, followed by Fleischer 2003: 228-229 no. 134), in the case of which exposure of the back of the statue would be indispensable.
In his proposed alternative interpretation, the iconography and pose of the statue could evoke instead some type of female oriental divinity incorporating features of the hellenistic Artemis. In view, not least, of the broader cultural environment of Susiana and Elymais, this might warrant, in turn, a perception of the torso as an effigy of the venerable Elymaean Nanaia, whose name is also rendered by that of Artemis in Greek texts (Callieri 2007: 76). (For Artemis/Nanaia, see, e.g., the references noted by Franz Cumont [1926: 196] to the goddess of the Elymaean sanctuary attacked by Antiochus IV as Artemis in Plb. 31.11 and J. AJ 12.354-355 , and as Nanaia in 2 Macc. 1.13; Le Rider 1965: 295; Boyce and Grenet 1991: 37-38.)
The possibility has been raised tentatively that the now missing head of the statue might be none other than a marble female (?) head obtained at Šamī, the site of an ancient mountain sanctuary in the region of Iḏeh, in 1935 (Callieri 2007: 76-77 and n. 43).

Bibliography

Boyce, M. and Grenet, F. 1991. A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. III: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule, with a contribution by R. Beck. Leiden and Cologne.

Callieri, P. 2001. ‘L’Iran nel periodo macedone e seleucide.’ In Antica Persia. I tesori del Museo Nazionale di Tehran e la ricerca italiana in Iran. Rome: 101-111.

——. 2003. ‘'Su una piccola statua in marmo dall'Elimaide (Iran).’ In Acquaro, E. and Callieri, P. (eds.), Transmarinae Imagines. Studi sulla trasmissione di iconografie tra Mediterraneo ed Asia in età classica ed ellenistica. Sarzana: 149-164.

——. 2007. L’archéologie du Fārs à l’époque hellénistique. Quatre leçons au Collège de France, 8, 15, 22 et 29 mars 2007. Persika 11. Paris.

Colledge, M. A. R. 1979. ‘Sculptors’ stone-carving techniques in Seleucid and Parthian Iran, and their place in the “Parthian” cultural milieu: some preliminary observations.’ East and West 29: 221-240.

——. 1987. ‘Greek and non-Greek interaction in the art and architecture of the Hellenistic East.’ In Kuhrt, A. and Sherwin-White, S. (eds.), The Interaction of Greek and Non-Greek Civilizations from Syria to Central Asia after Alexander. Berkeley and Los Angeles: 134-162.

Cumont, F. 1926. Fouilles de Doura-Europos (1922-1923). Paris.

Fleischer, R. 2003. ‘L’art grec en Iran avant l’époque parthe.’ In Seipel, W. (ed.), 7000 ans d’art perse. Chefs-d’œuvre du Musée National de Téhéran. Milano and Vienna: 221-229.

Ghirshman, R. 1962. Iran. Parthians and Sassanians [translated by Gilbert, S. and Emmons, J.]. The Arts of Mankind 3. London. [Paris 1962 edition, Iran. Parthes et Sassanides. Collection l'Univers des Formes 3]

Invernizzi, A. 2008. Nisa partica. Le sculture ellenistiche. Monografie di Mesopotamia XI. Florence.

Flavius Josephus (J.) = Niese, B. (ed.) 1892. Flavii Iosephi opera. Berlin. A searchable HTML version with commentary by Perseus Digital Library is available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0526.tlg001

Lauter, H. 1971. ‘Compte rendu de W. Fuchs, Die Skulptur der Griechen, München 1969.’ Gnomon 43: 597-603.

2 Maccabees (2 Macc.) = Jerome. Vulgate Bible. Bible Foundation and On-Line Book Initiative. Available online at http://www.std.com/obi/Religion/Vulgate/ . A searchable HTML version with commentary by Perseus Digital Library is available at http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=2+maccabees+1.13&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0060

Polybius (Plb.) = Shuckburgh, E. S. (trans.) 1889. Polybius, Histories. London and New York. [Reprint Bloomington 1962] A searchable HTML version with commentary by Perseus Digital Library is available at http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.perseus-eng1

Schlumberger, D. 1983. ‘Parthian art.’ In Yarshater, E. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, part 2. Cambridge: 1025-1054. Also available online at http://universitypublishingonline.org/cambridge/histories/ebook.jsf;jsessionid=648B979556E8B523669506AE01EE30F9?bid=CBO9781139054959

Cite this entry:

Zournatzi, A. 2016. 'Iḏeh (Malāmir): Female torso of Mediterranean (?) marble.' In Mapping Ancient Cultural Encounters: Greeks in Iran ca. 550 BC - ca. AD 650. Online edition, preliminary draft release. Available at http://iranohellenica.eie.gr/content/catalogue/ideh-malamir/documents/482163230